Responsible for converting energy into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle.
Core components:
Engine
Type: gasoline engine, diesel engine, electric motor (new energy vehicle)
Key components: cylinder, piston, crankshaft, camshaft, valve, fuel injection system (injector), turbocharger (Turbo)
Transmission
Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
Manual transmission (MT), automatic transmission (AT), dual clutch transmission (DCT),
Key components: clutch, gear set, torque converter (AT), electronic control unit (TCU)
Drivetrain
Front drive (FWD), rear drive (RWD), four-wheel drive (4WD/AWD)
Key components: drive shaft, differential, half shaft
Supports the vehicle body and realizes driving, steering and braking functions.
Core components:
Suspension system
Type: MacPherson, multi-link, torsion beam
Key components: shock absorber, spring, stabilizer bar, control arm
Steering system
Type: mechanical hydraulic power steering (HPS), electric power steering (EPS), steer by wire (SBW)
Key components: steering column, steering gear, steering tie rod
Braking system
Type: disc brake, drum brake
Key components: brake disc/drum, brake caliper, brake pad, brake fluid, ABS (anti-lock braking system), ESP (body stability system)
Controls vehicle electronics, communications, and safety features.
Core components:
Battery
Lead-acid battery (conventional vehicle), lithium-ion battery (new energy vehicle)
Alternator
Powers the electrical system and charges the battery
ECU (electronic control unit)
Engine ECU, transmission ECU, ABS/ESP control module
In-vehicle network (CAN bus)
Used for data communication between systems
Lighting system
Headlights (LED/laser headlights), taillights, turn signals, interior lighting
Provides occupant protection, comfort and aerodynamic performance.
Core components:
Body-in-White (BIW): load-bearing body (sedan), non-load-bearing body (off-road vehicle)
Safety system: airbag (SRS), seat belt pretensioner, collision energy absorption zone
Air conditioning system (HVAC): compressor, condenser, evaporator, heater core
Seat system: electric adjustment, heating/ventilation, memory function
Core components:
Traction Battery: Lithium-ion battery (NCM/NCA/LFP)
Electric Motor: Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), induction motor (ACIM)
Electric control system (VCU, BMS, MCU): Vehicle controller (VCU), battery management system (BMS), motor controller (MCU)
Charging system: On-board charger (OBC), fast charging interface (DC)